Denning et al. provide a thorough review of fungal asthma, including clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment. They also discuss the importance of allergen avoidance, a foundational approach to allergy management, and reappraise the potential of antifungal drugs. In light of the emergence of drug-resistant fungi and the known side effects linked to current antifungal agents, the demand for novel antifungal solutions is mounting.

Agarwal et al. provide an encompassing review of Aspergillus and lower airway allergic diseases. Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis is a concomitant upper airway disease sharing pathophysiology with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

Nakayama et al. offer an elegant review of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis as well as upper and lower airway allergic fungal diseases. Addressing the diverse nature of these diseases, the reviews provide a broad perspective on complex concepts, diagnostic criteria, and proposed terms, affording clarity to readers.

Ueno et al. supply a perceptive overview and delve into Cryptococcus infection mouse models, emphasizing the role of IL-33, an epithelial-derived cytokine. Of considerable value are the insights gleaned from animal models concerning how epithelial cytokines—potential targets for allergy treatment—contribute to fungal defense.