Prof. Nowak-Wegrzyn and her colleagues focused on the current and future perspectives of the international consensus guideline for non-IgE-mediated food allergies. The establishment of the 2017 guidelines greatly aided in recognizing this difficult-to-diagnose disease, particularly in childhood. The guidelines provided a common language for clinicians and researchers worldwide. She summarizes current clinical questions and comments related to this topic, in particular oral food challenge testing and the treatment of FPIES. Some of these issues may be incorporated into the revised version of the international consensus guidelines, which is forthcoming.

Prof. Morita and his colleagues primarily focus on the heterogeneity of non-IgE-mediated food allergies and propose pathogenetic mechanisms to explain this heterogeneity. In addition, their review article aims to separate "early-onset neonatal FPIES," characterized by severe vomiting with macroscopic bloody stool, from acute and chronic FPIES, in line with their previous studies. Finally, they demonstrate geographic heterogeneity of triggering foods for acute FPIES.